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Abstract:
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Urinary stones resected from urinary bladders of patients hailing from Kollam district of Kerala State, India
were analyzed by SEM, XRD and by thermal analysis techniques. The analytical results indicate that,
stones have different composition, i.e., calcium phosphate, calcium phosphate hydroxide and sodium
calcium carbonate. Infrared spectral studies also reveal the presence of phosphates or carbonates in
these samples. Further, IR spectral investigations have revealed that amorphous carbonated species are
occupied in PO4 sites in calcium phosphate type stone and OH sites in calcium phosphate hydroxide
sample. Thermal studies of these samples also reveal that, carbon dioxide is released from carbonated
samples upon heating which is related to amount of carbon content and bond strength. Crystals with
defects and irregular morphology are grown inside the urinary bladder due to variation in crystal growth
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